Fortran . Fortran is a programming language mainly used by the scientific community. Its name is a contraction of FORmula TRANslation, and its aim is to provide a way to tell computers to calculate complicated mathematical expressions, with more ease than assembly language. FORTRAN is one of the earliest programming languages. The original versions used punched cards to write programs with. FORTRAN's age is both a strength and a weakness. On one hand, FORTRAN has a huge number of libraries of code available. However, Fortran also has many archaic features, especially in the earlier versions. Fortran originally included a not-so-intuitive syntax, having fixed fields (a 5-digit line number, a continuation marker, and a statement area (plus a card sequence-number area on some versions). However, newer specifications for FORTRAN , such as Fortran 90, 95, 2003 and 2008 do not require such anachronistic formatting. In addition, many compilers have additional imp
Java, modern object-oriented computer programming language. Java was created at Sun Microsystems , Inc., where cofounder William (Bill) Joy led a team of researchers in an effort to create a new language that would allow consumer electronic devices to communicate with each other. Work on the language began in 1991, and before long the team’s focus changed to a new niche, the World Wide Web. Java was first used on the Web in 1994, and Java’s ability to provide interactivity and multimedia showed that it was particularly well suited for the Web. The difference between the way Java and other programming languages worked was revolutionary. Code in other languages is first translated by a compiler into instructions for a specific type of computer. The Java compiler instead turns code into something called Bytecode, which is then interpreted by software called the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), or the Java virtual machine. The JRE acts as a virtual computer that interprets Byte
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