codeneeds

The JavaScript language Here we learn JavaScript, starting from scratch and go on to advanced concepts like OOP. We concentrate on the language itself here, with the minimum of environment-specific notes

Smalltalk Smalltalk is an object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language. Smalltalk was created as the language to underpin the "new world" of computing exemplified by "human–computer symbiosis." It was designed and created in part for educational use, more so for constructionist learning, at the Learning Research Group (LRG) of Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls, Adele Goldberg, Ted Kaehler, Scott Wallace, and others during the 1970s. The language was first generally released as Smalltalk-80. Smalltalk-like languages are in continuing active development and have gathered loyal communities of users around them. ANSI Smalltalk was ratified in 1998 and represents the standard version of Smalltalk. History There are a large number of Smalltalk variants. The unqualified word Smalltalk is often used to indicate the Smalltalk-80 language, the first version to be made publicly available and created in 1980. Smalltalk was the product of re...

Lisp LISP, an acronym for list processing , is a programming language that was designed for easy manipulation of data strings. Developed in 1959 by John McCarthy, it is a commonly used language for artificial intelligence ( AI ) programming. It is one of the oldest programming languages still in relatively wide use. Lisp (historically, LISP ) is a family of computer programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized Polish prefix notation. Originally specified in 1958, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today; only Fortran is older (by one year) Like Fortran, Lisp has changed a great deal since its early days, and a number of dialects have existed over its history. Today, the most widely known general-purpose Lisp dialects are Common Lisp and Scheme . Lisp was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for computer programs, influenced by the notation of Alonzo Church ...

Fortran . Fortran is a   programming language   mainly used by the scientific community. Its name is a contraction of FORmula TRANslation, and its aim is to provide a way to tell computers to calculate complicated mathematical expressions, with more ease than assembly language. FORTRAN is one of the earliest programming languages. The original versions used   punched cards   to write programs with. FORTRAN's age is both a strength and a weakness. On one hand, FORTRAN has a huge number of   libraries   of code available. However, Fortran also has many archaic features, especially in the earlier versions. Fortran originally included a not-so-intuitive syntax, having fixed fields (a 5-digit line number, a continuation marker, and a statement area (plus a card sequence-number area on some versions). However, newer specifications for FORTRAN , such as Fortran 90, 95, 2003 and 2008 do not require such anachronistic formatting. In addition, many comp...

Pascal (programming language)   Pascal is a historically influential imperative and procedural programming language , designed in 1968–1969 and published in 1970 by Niklaus Wirth as a small and efficient language intended to encourage good programming practices using structured programming and data structuring . A derivative known as Object Pascal designed for object-oriented programming was developed in 1985. History Pascal, named in honor of the French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal , was developed by Niklaus Wirth . Before his work on Pascal, Wirth had developed Euler and ALGOL W and later went on to develop the Pascal-like languages Modula-2 and Oberon . Initially, Pascal was largely, but not exclusively, intended to teach students structured programming A generation of students used Pascal as an introductory language in undergraduate courses. Variants of Pascal have also frequently been used for everything from research projects t...